Vol. 77 (2026)

Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural, Revista nº 77, septiembre de 2026

Tabla de contenidos

Edición electrónica

Número 77
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1-716

Evaluación, traducción y calidad de sistemas generativos

CREFF: A Verifiable Human Baseline for Spanish Forensic Linguistics in the Age of Generative AI
Desirée M.Carrión, Ronghao Pan, Ángela Almela, Rafael Valencia-García
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17-29
A Strategy for Evaluating Machine Translation Models of Different Paradigms
Pablo Gamallo, Daniel Bardanca, Raquel Vázquez, Lúa Santamarina, Saúl Buján
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31-43
MLLM-as-a-Judge for Financial Document Image Machine Translation
Yanco Amor Torterolo Orta, Alexia Stanescu, Antonio Moreno-Sandoval, Ana García Serrano
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45-58
Gal-SummEval: Meta-Evaluation of Abstractive Summarization in Galician
Helena Pérez Puente, Jeremy Barnes, Naiara Pérez
PDF
59-71
Why Summaries Turn Neutral: Policy Attribution for Sentiment Drift in Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
Mikhail Krasitskii, Alexander Gelbukh, Olga Kolesnikova, Grigori Sidorov
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73-82

PLN en salud y dominios especializados

Automatic Estimation of Personality in Children from Spontaneous Voice in Learning Interactions
Gabriela Judith Alvarado-Flores, Humberto Pérez-Espinosa, Delia Irazú Hernández-Farías
PDF
85-96
Exploring Synthetic Data Generation on Extremely Low-Resource Clinical Temporal Relation Extraction
Edgar Andrés Santamaria, Oier López de Lacalle, Aitziber Atutxa Salazar
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97-111
Bridging LLM Reasoning and UMLS for Spanish Psychiatric Concept Normalization
Sergio Rubio-Martín, Arturo Crespo-Álvaro, María Teresa García-Ordás, Antonio Serrano-García, Clara Margarita Franch-Pato, Alicia Merayo-Corcoba, José Alberto Benítez-Andrades
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113-124
Generating Readable Spanish Clinical Narratives from Structured Electronic Health Records with Multi-Agent LLMs
Mikel Idoyaga, Ane G. Domingo-Aldama, Aitziber Atutxa, Josu Goikoetxea, Ander Barrena
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125-138
Performant Lightweight Encoders for Spanish in the Legal and Administrative Domains
Sara Dueñas-Romero, Alba María Mármol-Romero, Adrián Moreno-Muñoz, Miguel Montoya-Gavilán, Jaime Collado-Montañez, Lucas Molino-Piñar, Isabel Cabrera-de-Castro, Samuel Sánchez-Carrasco, Fabián Suárez-Maroto, Sergio González-Del-Moral, M. Teresa Muñoz-Martín, M. Estrella Vallecillo-Rodríguez, M. Victoria Cantero-Romero, Manuel García-Vega, Miguel Ángel García-Cumbreras, M. Rosario García-Viedma, M. Dolores Molina-González, Fernando Martínez-Santiago, Manuel Carlos Díaz-Galiano, Salud María Jiménez-Zafra, M. Teresa Martín-Valdivia, Eugenio Martínez-Cámara, L. Alfonso Ureña-López, Arturo Montejo-Ráez
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139-157
You Are What You Prompt: Prompt Quality, Domain Shift, and Uncertainty in Agrifood Vision-Language Models
Andrea Morales-Garzón, Salvador Lopez-Joya, Miguel López-Pérez, Maria J. Martin-Bautista
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159-170

Recursos lingüísticos, representación y tecnologías para lenguas diversas

BERnaT: Basque Encoders for Representing Natural Textual Diversity
Ekhi Azurmendi, Joseba Fernandez de Landa, Jaione Bengoetxea, Maite Heredia, Julen Etxaniz, Mikel Zubillaga, Ander Soraluze, Aitor Soroa
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173-187
Neural Architectures for Old English Lemmatisation: A Comparative Study of Corpus-Based and Dictionary-Augmented Approaches
Javier Martín Arista
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189-198
Machine Learning Techniques for Classifying the Dual Writing System in Palaeohispanic Inscriptions: A Comparative Study of Neural and Non-neural Approaches
Gonzalo Martínez-Fernández, José Francisco Quesada-Moreno, Francisco José Salguero-Lamillar, Agustín Riscos-Núñez
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199-210
Evaluating the Evaluator: Summarization Metrics and LLM-Judges beyond English
Jeremy Barnes, Naiara Perez, Alba Bonet, Begoña Altuna
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211-234
The First Spoken Spanish Treebank in Universal Dependencies: Annotation, Distributional Analysis, and Parsing Evaluation
Johnatan E. Bonilla
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235-246
State-of-the-Art Galician Speech Synthesis Using a Small-Scale Open-Source Dataset
Antonio Moscoso-Sánchez, Carmen Magariños, Alberto Bugarín-Diz
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247-260
Machine Translation between Uruguayan Sign Language (LSU) Glosses and Spanish
Luis Chiruzzo, Bruno Pérez Rodríguez, Juliana Bianchi-Madera, Martín Dutra, Roberto Aguirre
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261-272

Modelos de lenguaje, RAG, conocimiento estructurado y multimodalidad

Quality over Quantity: Ontology Dataset Selection for Efficient Triple Generation in LLMs
Miquel Canal-Esteve, José I. Abreu, Yoan Gutiérrez, Rafael Muñoz
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275-288
In-context Learning vs. Instruction Tuning: The Case of Small and Multilingual Language Models
David Ponce, Thierry Etchegoyhen
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289-304
Learning to Reason and Use Tools through Unsupervised Fine-Tuning in Task-Oriented Dialog Systems
Markel Ferro, Oier Lopez de Lacalle
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305-318
UNED-RAG ES: A Spanish Dataset for Evaluating RAG Generation under Context Noise
Adrián Ghajari, Víctor Fresno, Alejandro Benito-Santos, Andrés Fernández García, Enrique Amigó, Jorge Carrillo-de-Albornoz, Julio Gonzalo, Roser Morante, Guillermo Marco, Laura Plaza, Eva Sánchez-Salido
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319-333
Toward a Geometric View of Multilingual Intent Detection: Linguistic Packaging vs. Semantic Resolution
Eduardo Sanchez-Karhunen, Jose F. Quesada-Moreno, Miguel A. Gutiérrez-Naranjo
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335-346
MESironic: A Multimodal Dataset and Benchmark for Irony Detection in Spontaneous Spoken Spanish
Vicent Ahuir, Alejandro Joaquín Barceló-Milkova, Andreu Casamayor-Segarra, Valentina González Verdegais, Lluís-F. Hurtado, Carlos Periñán-Pascual, Maria Jose Castro-Bleda
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347-355
Human-Centered Multimodal Fusion for Sexism Detection in TikTok Videos with Eye-Tracking, Heart Rate, and EEG Signals
Iván Arcos, Paolo Rosso
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357-369

Sesgos, subjetividad, emociones y verificación

Linguistic Bias in Teacher Evaluations: Sentiment Analysis and Counterfactual Explanations Reveal Systematic Inequities Correlated with Perceived Course Difficulty
Jorge Calvo-Martin, Jesús Serrano-Guerrero, Jared D.T. Guerrero-Sosa, Andrés Montoro-Montarroso, Francisco P. Romero, José A. Olivas
PDF
373-383
Detection and Analysis of Gender Bias in Media through NLP Techniques
M. Dolores Molina-González, Manuel Carlos Díaz-Galiano, Isabel Cabrera-de-Castro, Sergio Maruenda-Bataller, Maite Taboada, María Teresa Martín-Valdivia
PDF
385-398
Pragmatic Profiling of Textual Genres: Characterizing Subjectivity in Human and AI-generated Spanish Texts
Alba Pérez-Montero, Paloma Moreda, Elena Lloret
PDF
399-410
FactCheckEC-Sci: detección de afirmaciones científicas en un corpus ecuatoriano de fact-checking en español
Mariuxi del Carmen Toapanta-Bernabé, Miguel Ángel García-Cumbreras, L. Alfonso Ureña-López, Camila Johana Chusan-Zambrano, Anthony Daniel Pluas-Mero
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411-421
Emotion Detection in Textual Records of Affective Correspondence in Spanish
Albina Sarymsakova, Eugenio Martínez Cámara, Patricia Martín Rodilla, Luis Alfonso Ureña López
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423-439

Aprendizaje de lenguas, legibilidad y análisis centrado en las personas

Evaluación de la competencia léxica de los LLM: Un estudio comparativo con el corpus CAES basado en el MCER
M. Victoria Cantero Romero, Isabel Cabrera deCastro, Jaime Collado Montañez, Salud María Jiménez-Zafra
PDF
443-453
ETEL: A Lightweight System for Readability Assessment in Basque
Mikel Iruskieta, Zenón J. Hernández-Figueroa, Francisco J. Carreras-Riudavets
PDF
455-465
A Comparative Study of Feature Representations for Spanish L2 Text Complexity Across Pedagogical and Authentic Corpora
Daniel Mora, María José Domínguez Vázquez, Iván Arias-Arias, Idalete Dias, Vítor Míguez-Rego, Carlos Valcárcel Riveiro
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467-483
From Prompting to Fine-Tuning: LLM Strategies for CEFR-Based Readability Assessment
Elisabet Comelles Pujadas, Laura Alonso Alemany, Juan Cruz Oviedo Ferreyra
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485-500

IberLEF 2026: Resúmenes de las tareas de evaluación

Overview of GenSIE at IberLEF 2026: Schema-Guided Information Extraction with Small Language Models in Spanish
Alejandro Piad Morffis, Yudivian Almeida Cruz, Suilan Estévez Velarde, Isabel Espinosa Zaragoza, María Miró Maestre, Lucía Sevilla Requena, Alba Pérez Montero, Ernesto Estevanell Valladares
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503-518
Overview of GRACE at IberLEF 2026: Granular Recognition of Argumentative Clinical Evidence
Iker De la Iglesia, Aitziber Atutxa, Ander Barrena, Koldo Gojenola, Raquel Martínez, Soto Montalvo, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, Sofía Zakhir Puig, Vanesa Gómez Martínez, Johanna Ramirez-Romero, Jose Maria Villa-Gonzalez
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519-536
Overview of HAHA at IberLEF 2026: Humor Analysis based on Human Annotation and Automatic Humor Generation
Luis Chiruzzo, Ignacio Sastre, Guillermo Rey, Agustín Martínez, Aiala Rosá, Santiago Góngora, Santiago Castro, Victoria Amoroso, Juan José Prada, Juan Pablo Conde, Guillermo Moncecchi
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537-550
Overview of PROFE at IberLEF 2026: Language Proficiency Evaluation
Álvaro Rodrigo, Sergio Moreno-Álvarez, Alberto Pérez García-Plaza, Anselmo Peñas, Rodrigo Agerri, Javier Fruns-Jiménez, Inés Soria-Pastor
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669-675
Overview of HISEMOTIONS at IberLEF 2026: Historical Text-Based Emotion Detection in Early Modern Spanish Correspondence
Albina Sarymsakova, Patricia Martín Rodilla, Eugenio Martínez Cámara, Luis Alfonso Ureña López
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551-563
Overview of HOPE-EXP at IberLEF 2026: Outcome-Oriented Expectation Analysis in Social Media
Fazlourrahman Balouchzahi, Sabur Butt, Helena Gómez-Adorno, Salud María Jiménez-Zafra, Hector G. Ceballos, Grigori Sidorov
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565-572
Overview of Rest-Mex at IberLEF 2026: Research on Synthetic Text Modeling for Mexican Magical Towns
Miguel Á. Álvarez-Carmona, Ángel Díaz-Pacheco, Ramón Aranda, María-Margarita Reyes-Sierra, Ansel Y. Rodríguez-González, Lázaro Bustio-Martínez, Vitali Herrera-Semenets
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677-688
Overview of MentalRiskES at IberLEF 2026: Early Detection of Mental Disorders Risk in Spanish
Alba María Mármol-Romero, Fabián Suárez-Maroto, Rosario García-Viedma, Mónica Hernández-López, Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco, M. Dolores Molina-González, L. Alfonso Ureña-López, Arturo Montejo-Ráez
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573-591
Overview of MiSonGyny at IberLEF 2026: Misogynistic Speech Detection in Spanish Song Lyrics from Latin America and Spain
Tania Alcántara, Elias Urios Alacreu, Cesar Macías, Maria Aloy Mayo, Omar Garcia-Vazquez, Alberto Espinosa-Juarez, Miguel Soto, Paolo Rosso, Jose-Eduardo Valdez-Rodriguez, Hiram Calvo
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619-632
Overview of SpeechMATICS at IberLEF 2026: Speech Multimodal Audio-Text Irony Classification in Spanish
Vicent Ahuir-Esteve, Alejandro Joaquín Barceló-Milkova, Andreu Casamayor-Segarra, Lluís-F. Hurtado-Oliver, Maria Jose Castro-Bleda
PDF
689-697
Overview of MSLG-SPA at IberLEF 2026: Bidirectional Translation between Mexican Sign Language Glosses and Spanish
Ansel Y. Rodríguez-González, Daniel Fajardo-Delgado, Miguel Á. Álvarez-Carmona, María G. Sánchez-Cervantes, Ángel Díaz-Pacheco, Ramón Aranda, Silvia B. Fajardo-Flores, Carlos H. Martínez-Rodríguez
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633-646
Overview of NivELE at IberLEF 2026: Automatic leveling of texts written by students of Spanish as a foreign language
M. Victoria Cantero Romero, Jaime Collado Montañez, Isabel Cabrera de Castro, Javier Fruns Giménez, Alicia Arjonilla Sampedro, Joaquín Cruz, Arturo Montejo-Ráez, Salud María Jiménez-Zafra
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647-655
Overview of PoliticHeadlinES at IberLEF 2026: Multimodal Headline Ranking in Spanish Political News
Jorge Gómez-Navalón, Tomás Bernal-Beltrán, Ronghao Pan, Francisco García-Sánchez, José Antonio García-Díaz, Rafael Valencia-García
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657-667
Overview of MER-TRANS at IberLEF 2026: First Shared Task on Multilingual Easy-to-Read Translation
Horacio Saggion, Mehrzad Tareh, Nouran Khallaf, Stefan Bott, Daniel Adanza, Almudena Rascón Alcaina, Nelson Pérez Rojas, Sandra Szasz
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593-604
Overview of MIRROR at IberLEF 2026: Motivational Interviewing Response Rating via synthetic cOnversational tuRns
Luis J. Arellano, Carlos Olachea, John D. Piette, Hugo Jair Escalante, Luis Villaseñor-Pineda, Manuel Montes-y-Gómez, Delia Irazú Hernández-Farías
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605-617
Overview of SSD-2026 at IberLEF 2026: Social Support Detection and Target Identification in Social Media
Moein Shahiki Tash, Zahra Ahani, Luis Ramos, Fazlourrahman Balouchzahi, Olga Kolesnikova, Grigori Sidorov, Alexander Gelbukh, Raúl Monroy, Francielle Vargas
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699-708
Overview of WomenHelp at IberLEF 2026: Classification of Gender-Based Violence Reports to Help Threatened Women in Northern Mexico
Niels Martínez-Guevara, Gemma Bel-Enguix, Valeria Soto, Jessica Beltrán, Arturo Curiel, Sergio Luis Ojeda-Trueba, Metztli Ramírez-González, Helena Gómez Adorno
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709-722